Proceeding when producing pieces of metal materials capable of being hardened, a production process and a production line

ABSTRACT

The present invention concerns a method of manufacturing articles ( 8 ) in hardenable metal materials. The method is characterised in that a shaped workpiece ( 5.1, 5.2 )with closed cross-section is hardened and that the hardened workpiece ( 5.1, 5.2 ) is separated into at least two parts, where each part constitutes one shaped and hardened article ( 8 ) with open cross-section. The invention also concerns a manufacturing process and a production line for the manufacture of articles ( 8 ) in hardenable metal materials.

[0001] The present invention concerns a method of manufacturing articles in hardenable metal material. The invention also concerns a manufacturing process and a production line.

[0002] At present, many structural articles are products are manufactured in the form of or based on components, details and/or blanks that are manufactured in material that can be processed and shaped in different ways and thereafter hardened by heating and subsequent quenching. The materials used are mainly iron and steel alloy or other metals. If the article after shaping has an open cross-section then the hardening process comprising heating and quenching will exert great strain on the article. Stress often arises in the material and gives rise to deformations that are difficult to reduce. At present, the hardened article with open cross-section must often be straightened or reshaped in other suitable ways in order to be utilised. If the tolerances on shape are narrow, this will result in many hardened articles being discarded as seconds or being destroyed.

[0003] If the heating takes place in an arrangement containing an inductor and the articles have an open cross-section then the heat distribution within the articles will not be optimum In turn, this will result in an uneven hardenature distribution in each article, which leads to additional risks of material strain arising.

[0004] The object of the present invention is to achieve a method of manufacturing articles in hardenable material that, amongst other things, will solve the aforesaid problems. The method according to the present invention comprising the characteristics specified in claim 1. The invention also concerns a manufacturing process comprising the characteristics specified in claim 6 and a production line according to claim 9.

[0005] Central to the method according to the present invention is to avoid articles with open cross-sections when hardening. This is possible by producing and shaping a workpiece with a closed cross-section prior to hardening, hardening the workpiece with the closed cross-section and, subsequent to hardening, dividing the workpiece into parts with open cross-section that have been shaped and hardened. From these parts is obtained the hardened articles of the desired shape. The workpiece with its closed cross-section is relatively stable and its shape does not change to the same extent as an open profile under hardening. A workpiece with closed cross-section also facilitates the distribution of heat throughout the material during induction heating, which further improves the hardening.

[0006] The method according to the present invention is described below with references to some embodiments shown in the attached figures. Articles and parts with the same denomination and function included in different objects have been given the same reference designation but with a suffix to identify the specific object to which they belong.

[0007]FIG. 1 illustrates, in a schematic way, a process for manufacturing articles in hardenable material where the method according to the present invention is employed.

[0008]FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of a shaped sectional element.

[0009]FIG. 3 illustrates an end view of two sectional elements that have been placed together and joined to form one workpiece for hardening.

[0010]FIG. 4 illustrates an end view of another shaped sectional element.

[0011]FIG. 5 illustrates an end view of a sectional element that has been folded and joined to a shape shown in FIG. 4 and thereby forms one workpiece for hardening.

[0012] The method according to the present invention can be integrated as one part, or actually as several parts, of a manufacturing process (see FIG. 1). Such a manufacturing process may well include a shaping step A, a joining step B, a hardening step C and a separating step D. The hardening step C normally includes a heating step C₁ and a cooling step C₂.

[0013] The manufacturing process can be divided into the steps A-D in distinctly individual workstations. Certain steps are so independent of the previous and/or the subsequent step that the work being carried out in these steps can be carried out in a different place and at another time. All or some of the steps A-D in the manufacturing process in combination can also constitute a more continuous line production.

[0014] Each process step requires at least one specific arrangement for the work/processing that is to be carried out at each step. The work being carried out in several process steps can be done in the same arrangement if it is possible to coordinate several functions in one arrangement. It would be suitable to arrange the process steps in series if production is to be automated. The arrangements that enable this method in the manufacturing process form a production line.

[0015] Production is based on blanks 1 (see FIG. 1) that can be machined, shaped and hardened by heating and quenching, preferably iron and steel alloy or other metals. The blanks 1 are of a size and shape that is suitable for the chosen method of shaping and the associated means for shaping The blanks 1 are in the form of plate or strip.

[0016] The first operation for obtaining a workpiece with closed cross-section is to shape the blanks 1 in the shaping step A into sectional elements 2 If the blanks 1 are in metal plate, they are fed or placed into the means for shaping. Before shaping A, the plates are of a breadth and length that results in a sectional element 2 with the determined and required dimensions after shaping A. If the blanks 1 are in metal strip, they can either be cut into plates before shaping A or a continuous-feed shaped section of strip can be cut into suitable lengths after shaping A. Shaping takes place in a rolling mill. Roll forming can be complemented or replaced with another method of shaping, such as pressing. The design of the means for shaping is previously known and is not described here in detail, nor is it shown in detail in the figures.

[0017] Each sectional element 2 has three dimensions with a length l, a breadth b and a height h (see FIG. 2). The sectional element 2 is principally continuous with a length l that is greater than both the breadth b and the height h. The ratio of breadth b and height h is optional. Other ratios between the lengths of the sides are possible however.

[0018] Each sectional element 2 includes two flanges 3 running lengthwise and forming the outer parts of the sectional element. Each flange 3 is principally flat or includes flat areas.

[0019] The sectional element 2 also includes a shaped middle section 4 that is mainly U or C-shaped. The middle section 4 has three walls, where two sides 4 a and 4 b are connected to each other with a middle piece 4 c. The middle piece 4 c is corrugated. The other sides 4 a and 4 b can also be fluted, folded or have other types of material shaping (not shown in figures). The middle section 4 is joined to a flange 3 on each side.

[0020] In the joining step B after shaping A, the two sectional elements 2 and 2′ are joined together to form one workpiece 5.1 (see FIG. 3). The sectional elements 2 and 2′ are placed together in such a way that the flanges 3 on one element are touching the corresponding flanges 3′ on the second element. The flat area/areas on each flange touch the flat area/areas on the opposite flange.

[0021] The flanges 3 and 3′ are fastened to each other by a means for fastening previously known, such as welding. The flanges are welded as far out as is possible and suitable on the flat areas. The workpiece 5.1 then obtains stiffening welded joints 6.1 on each outside edge of two opposing and joined flanges 3 and 3′ lengthwise along the sectional element/workpiece. The workpiece 5.1 now has a hollow closed cross-section 7.1 (see FIG. 3).

[0022] After the joining step B, the workpiece 5.1 is hardened in the hardening step C where it is heated during the heating step C₁ by a means for heating. (The design of the means for heating is previously known and is not described here in detail, nor is it shown in detail in the figures.) The workpiece 5.1 is heated to a hardening hardenature that is suitable for the material in question. A suitable hardenature for boron steel, for example, is around 900° C. After heating, the workpiece 5.1 is quenched in a cooling stage C₂. The workpiece 5.1 is then transferred from the means for heating to a means for cooling. (The design of the means for cooling is also previously known and is not described here in detail, nor is it shown in detail in the figures.) Heating and cooling can take place in a continuous process where the means for heating is connected to the means for cooling in such a way that the workpiece 5.1 is able to pass these two means after each other through a continuous feed. This can be achieved automatically. The means for heating and the means for cooling can alternatively be combined in one means to form a means for hardening where all the steps in the hardening operation C, including the hardening steps C₁, and C₂, take place in one and the same means, even without the need to move the workpiece 5.1.

[0023] Once the workpiece 5.1 is hardened after heating C₁ and cooling C₂, the welded joints 6.1 are removed so that the two sectional elements 2 and 2′ are separated in the separation step D of the process. The welded joints 6.1 can suitably be cut away, which will cause a loss of goods on the flanges 3 and 3′. The flanges 3 and 3′ must therefore be slightly oversize after the shaping step A, so that the shaped and hardened sectional elements 8 (see FIG. 1), constituting the final product, will exhibit the required dimensions. The degree of oversize principally corresponds to the amount of material that will be cut off the sectional elements 2 and 2′ during the separation process D. The flanges 3 and 3′ on the sectional elements 2 and 2′ when they are only shaped is consequently wider than they eventually will be in their final shaped and hardened form. The closer to each edge that the welded joint is placed, the less material loss will arise.

[0024] The welded joints 6.1 have assisted in supporting, stiffening, the workpiece 5.1, and thereby the two sectional elements 2 and 2′, during hardening C. The shape of sectional elements 2 and 2′ are thereby less distorted than they would be if they had passed the hardening process individually as two sectional elements with open cross-section.

[0025] In order to facilitate the joining step B, the sectional elements 2 and 2′ can be shaped and fed from two parallel means for shaping so that the sectional elements 2 and 2′ directly after shaping are combined in the required way with the flanges 3 and 3′ facing each other

[0026] It is naturally possible to join more than two sectional elements to obtain a workpiece with a closed cross-section. These shaped sectional elements and especially the flanges may need to be another shape than when only two sectional elements are joined together. For instance, it may be necessary to angle the flanges in relation to the sides of the middle section of each sectional element. The actual sectional elements may have another shape than the one described above as long as they have an open cross-section.

[0027] Another method is to shape the blanks 1 in the shaping step A to a sectional element 2″ with open cross-section including two principally C or U-shaped parts 9 a and 9 b joined together with a web 10 (see FIG. 4). The web includes two parts 10 a and 10 b that form a flange located on each side of the longitudinal axis X of the web 10. Along its longitudinal axis X, the web can have a notch in the material (not shown in the figures). The sectional element 2″ also has flanges 3″ on each outer long side parallel with the longitudinal axis X of the web.

[0028] The sectional element 2″ is bent/folded along the longitudinal axis X so that the outer flanges 3″ of the sectional element make contact with each other. At the same time, the two parts 10 a and 10 b that form flanges will also make contact with each other. The two C or U-shaped parts 9 a and 9 b will then be opposite each other, forming one body with hollow closed cross-section 7.2 (see FIG. 5).

[0029] If the sectional element 2″ is roll formed, this bending can take place during the shaping step A. It is also possible to attain this bending with another means for shaping, such as pressing. The flanges 3″ are joined together in the joining step B as previously described to form one workpiece 5.2. This workpiece 5.2 has one welded joint 6.2 along the flanges 3″ on one side and a material fold 11 on the opposite side. The side of the workpiece with the material fold 11 can be reinforced with a welded joint similar to the one on the flanges 3″. The workpiece 5.2 now has a hollow closed cross-section 7.2 (see FIG. 5).

[0030] The hardening step C follows, in which the workpiece 5.2 is hardened as previously described. This is followed by the separation step D, where the welded joint 6.2 and the outermost part of the material fold 11 are removed. If the material fold 11 is reinforced with a weld, then this is also removed. Removal can be made by means for cutting, gas-cutting or clipping. The degree of oversize of the flanges 3″ and the parts 12 a and 12 b forming a flange corresponds to the amount of material to be removed. The flanges 3″ and the web 10 and the parts 12 a and 12 b forming flanges after shaping are consequently wider than they are to be in the final shaped and hardened sectional element 8. Finally, after separation, two shaped and hardened sectional elements 8 are obtained for subsequent use. It is principally the C or U-shaped parts 9 a and 9 b, parts of the web 10 and the flanges 3″ that form the final sectional element 8.

[0031] Of course, it is possible to shape the sectional element 2″ by other methods. The sectional element 2″ can include more than two principally C or U-shaped parts 9, where each parallel shaped part is joined to the adjacent shaped part via a web 10. whereby the number of webs on each sectional element 2″ is more than one. The flanges 3″ and the web 10 may require another shape and the bend in each web used to form the workpiece must be less than in the aforesaid case with only one coincident web. The webs can be pinched together, at least at each place where the material is folded, and given a welded joint in order to obtain the stiffening effect required from the welded joint.

[0032] All the described flanges 3, 3′ and 3″ can be fitted with shaped parts used to provide an interlocking effect, such as through a snap fastening. The flanges can also be fastened to each other in other ways.

[0033] Induction hardening is facilitated if the article being hardened has a closed cross-section. For induction hardening, the means for heating can be designed in such a way that the article passes through an induction coil. If the sides of the article match the shape of the coil interior, as is the case with the present invention, the heat will be more evenly distributed, whereby the risk of material stress will be reduced.

[0034] The production rate increases as more than one sectional element is hardened at one time in the hardening process. As at least two sectional elements can be hardened at the same time instead of only one at a time, the production rate can be doubled during the actual hardening. It is also possible to increase the production rate even further by joining more than two sectional elements 2 and 2′ as described above or by shaping the sectional element 2″ in such a way that the hardened workpiece 5.2 can be divided into more than two shaped and hardened sectional elements.

[0035] The present invention can be used for the manufacture and production of beams, structural girders, such as vehicle members.

[0036] This description of the present invention is not to be regarded as a limitation of the invention but only as an example to facilitate comprehension of the invention. Adaptations of different parts in relation to other component parts, choice of material, size adjustments, shape adjustments, replacement parts and articles and everything else that is evident or presents itself immediately to a skilled person can naturally be carried out within the scope of the invention. 

1. Method of manufacturing articles (8) of hardenable metal materials characterised in that a shaped workpiece (5.1, 5.2) with closed cross-section is hardened and that the hardened workpiece (5.1, 5.2) is divided into at least two parts, where each part constitutes one shaped and hardened article (8) with open cross-section.
 2. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that each shaped and hardened article (8) constitutes one sectional element.
 3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that at least two shaped sectional elements (2, 2′) with open cross-section are placed against each other and joined so that the workpiece (5.1) with closed cross-section is obtained and that the sectional elements (2, 2′) are separated after hardening so that at least two shaped and hardened articles (8) are obtained.
 4. Method according to claim 1 or 2 characterised in that a shaped sectional element (2″) with open cross-section including at least two longitudinally shaped parts (9 a and 9 b) interconnected by a web (10) is folded along a longitudinal axis (X) in the web (10), that the outer sides of the sectional element, parallel to the longitudinal axis (X) of the web, are joined together, whereby a workpiece (5.2) with closed cross-section is obtained and that the shaped parts (9 a and 9 b) are separated after hardening and then form at least two shaped and hardened articles (8) with open cross-section.
 5. Method according to claim 3 or 4 characterised in that joining is achieved by welding.
 6. Manufacturing process for the manufacture of articles (8) of hardenable metal materials characterised in that it includes a hardening step C during which a shaped workpiece (5.1, 5.2) with closed cross-section is hardened and a separating step D during which the workpiece (5.1, 5.2) is divided into at least two parts, where each part constitutes one shaped and hardened article (8) with open cross-section and that these two steps are carried out one after the other in the said order.
 7. Manufacturing process according to claim 6 characterised in that it includes a joining step B during which at least two shaped sectional elements (2, 2′) with open cross-section situated opposite each other are joined together to obtain one workpiece (5.1) with closed cross-section
 8. Manufacturing process according to claim 6, characterised in that it includes a joining step B during which the outer sides of a shaped sectional element (2″), where the sectional element (2″) has an open cross-section, includes at least two longitudinal shaped parts (9 a and 9 b) interconnected by a web (10) and where the sectional element (2″) has been folded along a longitudinal axis (X) in the web (10), and where the outer sides are parallel with the longitudinal axis (X) of the web, are joined together to obtain a workpiece (5.2) with closed cross-section.
 9. Production line for the manufacture of articles (8) of hardenable metal materials characterised in that it includes a means for hardening a workpiece (5.1, 5.2) and a means for dividing the workpiece (5.1, 5.2) into at least two parts, where each part constitutes one shaped and hardened article (8) with open cross-section, and that the aforesaid means and the work they involve are carried out one after the other in the said order.
 10. Production line according to claim 9, characterised in that it includes a means for joining shaped sectional elements (2, 2′, 2″) to obtain a workpiece (5.1, 5.2) and that this means and the work it involves is carried out before the means for hardening the workpiece (5.1, 5.2). 